Is the Family in Decline?

Is the Family in Decline? Presentation history of the family Most people groups thought of an ordinary family unit is a hitched couple with youngsters. Does this more drawn out relate with the truth of people groups lives? In 2005 just 22 percent of British family units comprised of a couple with dependant kids, contrasted and 35 percent in 1971. (Fulcher J, Scott J, 2004 pg 446). More than a very long while, Britain and other Western social orders have seen a move in family designs and differing jobs, additionally separate from rate have increased altogether and there has been an expansion in Reconstituted families shaped from second relationships The family is regularly viewed as the premise of society; in pre-current and present day social orders the same is viewed as the premise wherein social association happens, for instance mingling youngsters, during the 1960s there was not conversation about the significance of family, at that family life was simply developing with the cutting edge times, the family unit which comprise of a two age family of parent and their kids, was viewed too adjusted to the requests of current society. A great meaning of the family by George Peter Murdock (1949) The family is a social gathering portrayed by basic home, financial co-activity and multiplication. This incorporates grown-ups of both genders, in any event two of whom keep up a socially-affirmed sexual connections, and at least one kids, own or embraced, of the explicitly living together grown-ups. Another sort of family is the more distant family, which incorporates the relatives which broadens vertically that would incorporate three ages for instance; grandparent and grandkids, it likewise stretches out evenly to incorporate at any rate parents in law cousins, aunties and uncles, and dependant on the recognitions and the limits of the family; decides how far this expands. From an utilitarian viewpoint the family design is to fill in as a social organization, and as indicated by (Haralambos Holborn 2008) the family performs four fundamental capacities in all social orders which are named the sexual, conceptive financial and instructive these are esteemed basic for public activity in light of the fact that without proliferation there would be no citizenry, likewise without financial aspects there would no arrangements for giving food and thusly life would stop to exist, and without training as proposed by George Murdock there would be no culture and he recommends subsequently that human culture couldn't work. Anyway as per Parson (in Parsons Bales 1956) the family social organization created to meet two such needs that the family, and just the family, met: the requirements for essential socialization and character adjustment Primary socialization was the procedure through which kids get the fundamental estimations of society from the family since the beginning. What's more, grown-up character is balanced out through the family to give enthusiastic help through marriage, and to make an open door for grown-ups to fulfill whimsical driving forces that they couldn't do out in the open, for instance messing around with their kids. Parsons recommended that the family unit was especially fit the family unit on the grounds that the family unit jobs were specific because of one grown-up procuring cash through paid work, and the other grown-up raising the youngsters, hence with there being one provider this was very significant factor in the mechanical society because of high paces of progress, this implied this kind of family were all the more topographically portable and they would likewise keep the universe of work and family isolated, as modern social orders were worried about accomplishment and universalism; this implied individuals were remunerated by accomplishments and decided by widespread principles of capabilities, and fitness, the family anyway worked on a contrary premise; where the estimations of attribution and particularism; along these lines, status was credited on what one's identity was, for instance, spouse of, wife of, guardians would give a valiant effort to propel their kids, accordingly if t his covered into the workforce this reason struggle. Marxist point of view expresses the industrialist framework misuses the free residential work of the housewife through household work, and that kid raising ought to be considered as family exercises outside the activity of the entrepreneur economy however rather a fundamental piece of it. This view is taken on the grounds that the male provider would then be able to do longer hours, on the grounds that the spouse is at home keeping an eye on kids and the residential work; youngsters were viewed as the procedure of multiplication of work by making accommodating laborers. Because of the male provider being put under tension from the work environment a lot harder and quicker, and regularly doing monotonous and dreary work in poor conditions, which they would have next to no control consequently the family was viewed as an outlet for the pressure and disappointment, and the tormented laborer may reestablish their confidence by harassing their family. In spite of the fact that the spouse assumes a critical job in the entrepreneur economy, she would get no compensation. A few housewives worked in paid work at a low pay, and went about as a save armed force which could be brought into work when there was a lack of work, and returned back home when request was low, consequently the family unit made an extra flexibly of modest work. Some humanist contend that the family has lost certain capacities in present day modern culture, and they recommend that foundations, for example, ideological groups and school, and government assistance associations are performing elements of the family, Talcott Parsons contends that the family has gotten functionless on the plainly visible levels. Anyway not all humanist concur with this thought, and they really think the inverse, as indicated by Ronald Fletcher, a British social scientist expressed in The Family and Marriage in Britain (1966)that the family has held its capacities yet in addition those capacities have expanded in detail and significance and specific foundations, for example, schools and medical clinics have added to and improved the family capacities, as opposed to suspended them, some case of these progressions are the desires for the child rearing job; they are relied upon to put forth a valiant effort to control, empower and bolster their youngsters through ins truction and their. Youthful and Wilmott (1973) guarantee that the balanced family is creating where mates are sharing household, work and relaxation exercises; these kinds of connections are called joint matrimonial jobs rather than isolated jobs which recently implied the conjugal jobs of a couple were generally isolated. In the balanced family, marital jobs have gotten increasingly joined, the spouse despite everything has essential obligation regarding housework and youngster raising, anyway husbands have gotten progressively engaged with household errands like doing the washing and pressing, and offer the choices that influence the family The structure of the British family has moved altogether in the course of the most recent 50 years, a significant impact of this is through the decay of marriage and the ascent in living together as indicated by the Office of National insights 2008 Because of the adjustments in relationships, separation and living together to the developing number of new sorts of families Two out of five of all relationships are presently remarriages, which makes step families one of the quickest developing family frames in Britain, as of now making up one, in the decade to 2006, the quantity of single parent families additionally expanded to 2.3 million, making up 14% of all families in ten of all families.18. Ethnic decent variety is on the expansion because of the increment of universal relocation is another wellspring of assorted variety, for instance the structure of Afro-Caribbean and Asian families; taking a gander at the decent variety corresponding to inception and contemplations of how these have changed with regards to British society. As indicated by (Elliot 1966; Berthound 2000) the lower-class Afro-Caribbean family is focused on the job of the ladies, and relationships are pitifully institutive and low because of the men meandering; hence the ladies regularly head the families, and connections among moms and youngsters are a lot more grounded than those among fathers and kids, and family life will in general be upheld by other ladies other than the natural mother. African-Caribbean ladies have been more monetarily dynamic than ladies from other ethnic gatherings, and consider paid to be as a premise fro budgetary freedom and are bound to control the utilization of their profit than Asian or White ladies, anyway this is just made conceivable by the sharing of the mothering job with other ladies. There are significant social contrast between south Asian nationalities that have come to Britain, anyway there are similitudes, for example families from country zones in South Asia ordinarily have broadened types of family, that remember three ages for one family and are sorted out through a system of guys, are bound together through strict convictions in fellowship and family reliability. Relationships are orchestrated and seen as a difference of two families. As per youthful and Willmott the home focused balanced family is more run of the mill of the regular workers than the white collar class, they recommend that the average workers are all the more completely home-focused on the grounds that they are less completely work-focused; and this is expected to making up for uninvolved and exhausting work, and on the grounds that little intrigue is normal grinding away, and manual laborers will in general concentrate on family life, in this way as indicated by Young and Wilmott consider work to be a significant effect on family Relocation to Britain seriously upset more distant families of this sort and for some ladies this has left them socially disconnected at home and unsupported by the kinfolk. Sikh family have gotten progressively centered around couples and ladies have renegotiated conventional examples, through more noteworthy autonomy through paid work, anyway interestingly Pakistani and Bangladeshi societies have been constrained to schoolwork or privately-run company by Islamic restriction of contact with irrelevant men, t

Quality Insurance

Quality Improvement Plan: Part III †Managing and Improving Quality In today’s medicinal services condition, rivalry stays high and numerous associations are looking for better approaches to improve their nature of care, just as stay serious with other human services associations all the while. Different techniques exist today for associations to coordinate quality improvement systems to help in the estimation of execution improvements.This paper will discuss:1) a few philosophies, the advantages and disadvantages that exist with these strategies, 2) portray data innovation applications, how they might be utilized to improve understanding falls, 3)discuss how benchmarking and achievements are engaged with dealing with the utilization of value markers, and finally,4) depict how execution and quality measures are adjusted to an organization’s mission, vision, and vital arrangement, and how these estimations line up with Self-Regional Hospital’s mission, vision, and vital arrangement for development. Techniques for Quality Improvement StrategiesAccidental Falls have become the most usually announced occurrence in emergency clinics today, and Self-Regional Hospital is no special case. As of late, Self-Regional looked into and accumulated explicit fall information that included â€Å"mobility/walk, lower-furthest point quality, history in cracks, visual, or sound-related weaknesses, wooziness, lack of hydration, sadness, stroke, ischemic assaults, and cardiovascular arrhythmias† and the job they play with persistent falls in the association (The Joint Commission, 2007, p. 26). They are currently during the time spent investigating different strategies to help oversee and improve this zone of concern.Several ideas that worry absolute quality administration (TQM), and quality improvement (QI) are offering human services associations and their directors the chance to choose which procedure would be best in improving quality consideration for their patients. There are three strategies Self-Regional is thinking about: 1) Six Sigma, 2) Lean, and 3) Customer Inspired Quality (CIQ). â€Å"One of the key parts of value improvement is the innovation that assembles and analyzes the information that the quality improvement measure produces† (Dlugacz, 2006).Once this data has been accumulated, the association can benchmark with other practically identical associations. The Six Sigma model, spearheaded by Motorola, is utilized to improve the nature of procedure yields by recognizing, and expelling absconds through a critical thinking approach that attempts to improve quality yields. The Six Sigma technique accomplishes this by utilizing a procedure known as the DMAIC procedure (characterize, measure, dissect, improve, and control), for existing quality procedures that are underneath details, and are needing improvement in increments.There are highlights with Six Sigma that isolates it from different activities of value improvement: * Clear spotlight on accomplishing quantifiable and quantifiable money related profits * Increased accentuation for solid authority and backing * Special Infrastructure of â€Å"Champions,† to lead and actualize the Six Sigma approach * Clear promise to settling on choices dependent on certain information, as opposed to expecting or mystery (Harry, 2000). The subsequent model is Lean, which assumed a key job for Toyota’s success.This technique is utilized to help diminish or reduce squander, while attempting to improve an organization’s execution through their work process forms. Organization’s that utilization Lean have an away from of customer worth, and consistently will concentrate on the key procedures to improve it. They will probably give fantastic incentive to the shopper, by building up a magnificent worth procedure that has zero waste. Lean offers the association the chance to distinguish steps in a quality improvement procedure, a nd afterward recognize the means that are important and non-valuable.Once the non-esteemed advances have been recognized they will be evacuated to forestall squander simultaneously (Lean Enterprise Institute, 2009). The Customer Inspired Quality strategy is simply the last technique for quality improvement that Self-Regional is thinking about. In 1992, Shaw Resources protected this approach to concentrate on work forms that have direct effect on the consideration and administrations that clinics give. The Customer Inspired Quality procedure distinguishes, characterizes, investigates, and improves the quality and viability of procedures in the human services condition with an accentuation on the accompanying work process assessing segments: Integrates division benefits that are identified with characterized frameworks concerning care * Improves profitability and effectiveness, while decreasing unneeded work procedures and expenses * Can be executed as present moment or long haul qual ity improvement forms * Patient dependability and fulfillment is upgraded (Shaw Resources, n. d. ). Advantages and disadvantages of Quality Improvement Methodologies There are consistently upsides and downsides to any quality improvement philosophy. For example, the masters of Six Sigma will in general spot outrageous significance on initiative and its help for the accomplishment of the project.Another ace is the combination of various human components, which incorporate social change, and spotlight on the client and their needs. â€Å"By utilizing the idea of factual reasoning, Six Sigma empowers utilizations of measurable apparatuses and methods that decrease variability† (Harry, 2000). The cons of Six Sigma incorporate, not having the quality information accessible, particularly when another procedure has been actualized without having the information accessible. Regularly the arrangements that Six Sigma proposes can be exorbitant and just a little segment of the arrangeme nt can be implemented.When utilizing Six Sigma the picking of the correct venture is basic to its prosperity. The experts for Lean include: * Minimizing overhead expense to 30% * Eliminates generally squander, if not all * Can improve profitability by 80% * Eliminates adverse practices and representatives have an away from of the organization’s desires The Lean methodology’s cons include: * Can be hard to achieve support from all representatives, because of obstruction of progress * Personality conflicts can happen if a few people don't take arranges well from their colleagues Lean preparing is continuous and to start with is tedious (Businessknowledgesource. com, 2010). The masters of the Customer Inspired Quality approach include: * Quality improvement endeavors are organized dependent on the customer’s needs * Friendly and supports contribution from workers The principle con with the Customer Inspired Quality technique is that is organized fundamentally for s ocial insurance associations. Data Technologies for Quality Improvements Information innovation assumes a significant job with regards to quality improvement strategies utilized by medicinal services organizations.Self-Regional Hospital has actualized programming known as Business Objects. The segments of Business Objects â€Å"provide execution the board, arranging, announcing, question and examination, and undertaking data management† (Sap. com, 2008). The Business Objects Enterprise offers the association the capacity to follow report occasions by activating cautions. The reports have parameters that can be altered to perform examination on the information and the association additionally has the capacity set alarms that trigger when certain conditions are met or not met.The information can be modified to appear in outlines and can be redone to permit the association the chance to bore down into the information. Data innovation permits information to likewise be shown in a dashboard or a scorecard. A dashboard is a device that screens the progressing execution of a procedure and its information progressively. Though, scorecards report on past exhibitions and for the most part centers around results as opposed to forms. These applications can be utilized by executives to follow quality improvement procedures of the organization.Administrators likewise can plan the scorecards or dashboards to show just data that is relevant to the procedure. These procedures would likewise enable Self-Regional to look at information that relates to understanding falls inside their association. Benchmarks and Milestones Benchmarking is a procedure that enables an association to contrast their presentation measurements and procedures with different organization’s best practices. At the end of the day, benchmarking is simply the procedure of an association contrasting with their rivals and characterizes how the opposition performs better.In medicinal services, when an association has an away from of how their rival/s fulfills their guidelines, they can set objectives for quality upgrades inside their own association. Benchmarking is advantageous for improving consumer loyalty, just as improve center estimations set by the Joint Commission. Self-Regional Hospital can utilize benchmarking as a way to think about how medical clinics rate on quiet falls and what forms they have set up to improve around there. The emergency clinic would profit by utilizing the site â€Å"hospitalcompare. hs. gov to examine on quiet fulfillment, quality improvement results, and where they rate in these territories too. Potential benchmarks Self-local will take a stab at improved center measures at 90% for quiet falls. Another region the association will take a stab at is to improve quiet wellbeing. All together for the medical clinic to do this they should keep on executing the procedures that help the Joint Commission’s National Patient Safety Goals, and a ctualize quality improvement forms that will include the association as a whole.Self-Regional will likewise actualize mechanized supplier request section (CPOE), and will likewise start the way toward stretching out the objectives to the crisis division and basic consideration zones. The third seat imprint will be to improve the patient’s experience by utilizing the DMAIC model to comprehend and bolster the enthusiastic, profound, and clinical requirements of

The stories by Sandra Cisneros

The stories by Sandra Cisneros Sandra Cisneros Stories Home›Literary Analysis Posts›Sandra Cisneros Stories Literary Analysis PostsBrief Summary of  Sandra Cisneros StoriesIntroductionPlaywright materials are based specific notion that reflects the society regarding various social-cultural practices and their implication to community as well as particular individuals. From this perspective literature plays significant role in influencing the behavioral patterns and foster cohesion of the communities through establishing avenues of interaction through literature. Notably, literature materials are mounted on well designed themes that play a fundamental role in structuring attributes of individuals and responses to situations in the society. Therefore, themes are crucial in shaping and promoting particular attributes and individual responses especially in the society that is subjected to numerous social forces. In this case, this paper is geared towards comprehensive analysis of three stories aimed at evaluating the theme of isolation or alienation.Geraldo No Last NameThe story Geraldo No Last Name by Sandra Cisneros revolves around young girl who met a young boy at the dance ceremony for the first time and an accident occurred. The two ha conversation and the by had informed her that he was an employees of certain restaurant but could not remember the actual name. Marin the young girl could only the name of the boy as Geraldo. After the accident the girl found herself at the hospital’s waiting room for many hours though she had met with the boy for the first time (The Editor). This worried Marin because Geraldo was just an ordinary participant in a dance and happened to have danced with him. In fact the Geraldo was foreigner and it was amazing the money he frequently sent.A Good Man Is Hard To FindThe story a good man is hard to find involves family in Atlanta. The family had difference on where to visit. The grandmother and the mother of the children supported travelling to Tennessee a nd Bailey, grandmother’s son and the two young children John Wesley and June Star preferred Florida. The grandmother went alone with the cat to ensure it was not left lonely. As the family traveled the children read comic books and after a considerable period they exchanged the books. The children played after they finished reading the books as well as eating the lunch. The family encountered an accident on their way in lonely played. The boys the faced were hostile at them and did not rescue them humiliated them and short Bailey. In addition the boys also short the grandmother (Cisneros). Misfit and his partner enjoyed the incidence and calmed that real happiness in life did not exist.The Story of an HourThe story, Story of an Hour revolves mainly round an incidence that culminated to the death of a man and wife. The husband of Mrs.Mallard had dead and because she had heart complication the news of this tragedy had to be carefully given. Mallard sister together with her husband f riend were present at home. Josephine the sister broke the bad news in an indirect manner in order to reveal to her partially. When she understood all the news was about she carried they went to her room. Mallard experienced a feeling of freedom from the incidence due to the fact that no more attachment to her husband. When her sister descended with her down the stairs she dead and doctor claimed that her death was caused by joy that kills (Chopin, 1894).First analysis topicThe story Geraldo No Last Name has revealed the actual situations young individuals in the society encounter in such of happiness and affection from the society. The story gives practical revelation regarding the issues and activities involving young generations in the society. From this perspective and as portrayed by the theme of alienation id clearly highlighted. In a bid to avoid being lonely the young girl danced with a young boy their union is terminated by the accident. Though the girl and the boy were str angers the girl followed the boy to hospital. At the hospital the girl spent hours alone trying to contemplate the entire association with the accident victim. This portrays further revelation of alienation due to the established union between the two but the accident terminated their newly founded attachment. In this case the theme of alienation is revealed from practical platform highlighting how termination relations can lead to isolation from the rest of the society.Second analysis topic        The story, A Good Man Is Hard to Find begins a unified family that had planed travel. Though there were differences with regarding particular place to be visited warmth in the family was evident. After they got involved in an accident in lonely place and got attacked by Misfit and his partner the entire situation changed. The affection and happiness that was experienced was no more. The accident at the lonely place brought sorrow and disaffection to the family members. From this perspect ive the author based the story on the implication of isolation in the society. In this case it is apparent that, though none of the family members dead as a result of the accident, sorrow and death is evident. This reveals that isolation can culminate to devastating events especially from the other victims of alienation.Third analysis topicRegarding the The Story of an Hour, Mrs. Mallard patient of heart complication and the news of her husband’s death had to be handled meticulously. Her sister was concern and carefully and partially informed her of the situation. Immediately it was revealed she sought for loneliness and mixed feeling of joy and sorrow accompanied her. After descending the stairs she was pronounced dead. To the amusement of her sister and family members she had dead of joy that kills. Notably, the death of her husband would make her lonely however; she perceived the situation as being free rather than lonely. Due to this she developed joy that resulted to her deat h. The theme of alienation or loneness is portrayed through her imagination that she would live her shake rather than for somebody else. On this ground it is apparent that different individuals in the society perceive loneliness differently.ConclusionThe broad nature of alienation in the lives of individuals in the society establishes various avenues to approach the issue. Notably, alienation has different implication to the society and can be evaluated from different perspectives. The stories above have a clear revelation of the theme of isolation and the implication of the state to individuals. The complexity of human nature highly influences the responses to isolation. From the stories it is apparent that alienation can be perceived from positive perspective or can acts as a basis towards scandalous activities in the society.

The Tax System In Usa And Egypt Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1868 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The tax system of any country is born out of a tax policy. It plays a vital role in the fiscal policy of that country; be it Kuwait, Egypt or America. The tax system of different countries varies according to country and the government enforces certain additions, revision and review to the tax system of that country over a certain period of time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Tax System In Usa And Egypt Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Another characteristic of the tax system of a country is that it is flexible and continuously changes in order to adapt to the essentials of the socio-economic conditions. The tax system is also influenced by the designs of that tax system with regards to history, the political system and the economic system. In this report, we analyze the tax systems of two countries. One is America where the tax system is a complex and complicated system as there are different states which enjoys the freedom as specified by the federal system. The other country is Egypt, which has a Semi-presidential republic which implemented decreased corporate taxes resulting in a stated 100% increase in tax revenue. In the end, will be discussed on which one of the two systems are better and why. An overview of Tax System in United States and Egypt The codes of the tax are mainly pertained to the taxation of the ship owners, natural wines, vaccines and insurance companies. Upon a quick look, it is evident that the tax system will become more complex as the tax levied in states and cities are further complicated. On the other hand the Egyptian tax system comprises of two types of taxes. They are direct and indirect taxes. It was first introduced in 1939. From there, till now, the taxes have been imposed on business and labor gains and on agricultural land. Other tax laws were issued in the following years including an urban building tax in 1954; a customs regime in 1963; stamp duties in 1980; consumption taxes in 1981 which in was replaced by the General Sales Tax Law No. 11 of 1991; and a new income tax law in 1981 were introduced. This Income Tax Law was amended in 1993 by Law No. 187 of 1993. US tax system in America There is a principle of competition involved in the tax system of the USA. This means that there is a competition between the governments of the states and local which mainly relates to their rights to enforce personal and corporate income taxes. Thus it complicates the concept of tax law with that of the taxpayers and they will have to file returns of tax for all the three levels of the government as explained earlier. The tax burden in the USA is comparatively low for individuals, but for companies it is surprisingly high. Moreover, the fiscal system of USA allows the icon of what is known as competitive federalism. The dominion of tax is split among the federal, the state and the local governments. For example, the personal income tax is charged by all the three systems of governments i.e., by federal, the states, and even local communities. The burden of tax is therefore considerably different from region to region, both for individuals and for companies. To add more, the primary source of revenue to the federal government is the personal income tax. The personal income tax is generated hardly five times when compared to corporate income tax. By this, it is obtained by the states in the form of funding from both personal income tax and consumption taxes. On the other hand, the local governments impose the taxes on real and personal property. There is a enforcement of taxes by the local and state communities from 0-9.8%. This is calculated as a single-phase tax which is not in the case of federal government. The ability of a tax payer to pay the tax is governed by the ability to pay principle which is to put into practice in the shape of a progressive income tax scale which has various restrictions to itself. The highest rate of tax returns in the USA applies from USD 312,000 upwards. There is no differentiation made among different kinds of income, which is distant from capital gains, on which individuals pay tax at a special rate of 15%. Life in surance policies are taxed on their earnings. In the USA there was double taxation for the dividends until 2003. Accordingly, a company was responsible for corporate income tax the mainly based on its profits. Moreover, on the event of the distribution of this, it was compulsory for the shareholder to pay personal income tax without being able to claim a tax credit. Dividends like these are being taxable till now and are been paid at a rate of only 15% for the shareholder. Thus, the profits of companies that function in more than one state are taxed in the state of their origin. Another characteristic of the US Taxation is the debt regarding the corporate income tax. While calculating the corporate income tax the debt incurred by the company is compared with that of the alternative minimum tax (AMT). the AMT is charged at a rate of 20% on taxable income which has a special method of calculation and is payable if it is higher than the computed corporate income tax debt. However exemption are also established in the case of small companies who has an average gross revenue in the previous three tax years which has not crossed USD 7.5 m, and companies in the year they were set up. The income tax calculation of the United States is shown below: Table 1. 1999 U.S. Tax Receipts, by Source Source Amount (Millions $) Percent of All Taxes Federal Taxes Income Taxes 879,500 34.5% Social Insurance Taxes 611,800 24.0% Corporate Taxes 184,700 7.2% Excise Taxes 70,400 2.8% Estate Taxes 22,900 0.9% Total, Federal Taxes 1,769,300 69.4% State Taxes Sales Taxes 200,600 7.9% Property Taxes 240,100 9.4% Income Taxes 189,300 7.4% Corporate Taxes 33,900 1.3% Excise and Other Taxes 114,500 4.5% Total, State Taxes 778,400 30.6% Total, All Taxes 2,547,700 100.0% Tax System in Egypt The tax system in Egypt is different from that of the tax system in USA. In Egypt the corporate income and gains tax come under a new tax law which is law No. 91 which was introduced in 2005. According to this law, the corporations in Egypt are imposed corporate profits tax on their profits derived from their business in Egypt and abroad, if not in the case, the foreign activities are carried out through a stable establishment located abroad. Whereas the foreign companies have their head offices in Egypt are subject to tax only on their profits derived from Egypt. In the case of oil production companies, the tax levied is 40.55%. Whereas, there is a 40% tax to be paid by the Suez Canal Company, Egyptian General Petroleum Company (EGPC) and Central Bank of Egypt. The tax system of Egypt is divided into two groups. They are administration of a company and the dividends distributed. According to the administrative point of view, the companies must pay their annual income tax alo ng with their true financial statements and the supporting documents preceding the 1st of May every year or in the ending of four months from the financial year end. The tax payer should sign the tax return and he has the right to file a request if he needs extension from the due date of filing the tax if they can pay an estimated amount of tax. He must file the request 15 days before the due date. Moreover, the estimated tax due must also be paid before the due date. The government can grant extension up to 60 days, during which, the companies can file their tax return in 30 days. The dividends of a company are not liable to pay withholding tax as they are paid from the corporate incomes which can be taxed under the normal rules. However, there is an exemption of tax from the income derived from the overseas business of a company. They are also exemption of interest on bonds that are listed on the Egyptian stock exchange. Moreover, the corporate tax for the companies are comp uted according to the generally accepted accounting and commercial principles that are tailored for tax purposes by particular legal provisions which basically concerns depreciation, provisions, inventory valuation, inter-company transactions and expenses. In the case of a company which has its origin in Egypt and which exists outside Egypt, can have an exemption from foreign tax if they provide adequate documents. The losses that have been incurred outside Egypt will not be counted for the calculation of income tax. Moreover, the agreements that have been performed in other countries and in the Arab Republic of Egypt with guide the credit for taxes paid abroad on income subject to corporate income tax in Egypt. In the case of group of companies which are called corporate groups are taxed differently under the corporate income tax purposes. There is no provision for the Egyptian law for assessing the tax for corporate income tax under which group losses may be offset against prof its within a group of companies. Another characteristic of the tax system in Egypt is that it contains the facilitation of transfer pricing. These provisions are based on the principle called acirc;â‚ ¬Ã…“armacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lengthacirc;â‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . According to this principle, the income of a company is adjusted by the tax authorities if its taxable income in Egypt is deducted as a result of the provisions of the contracts that are different from those that are agreed by unrelated parties. On the other hand, there is no withholding tax that is charged on the distributed dividends by resident companies irrespective of the residence status of the enterprise. There is a free market exchange system in Egypt. There are no interference from the central bank or the Ministry of Economy and the exchange rates are determined by the supply and demand. The income tax for an entity is levied on the worldwide income of the residents of Egypt. On the other hand, the non-resid ents tax is assumed on the tax on income that is either earned or realized in Egypt. Given below is the table which shows the tax recipients by income source. Table 2. Egypt Tax Receipts, by Source Income (EGP) Rate Up to 5,000 0% 5,001 to 20,000 10% 20,001 to 40,000 15% Over 40,000 20% Analysis According to the analysis, it can be said that the Egypt tax system is better than that found in the US system. This is because of the main fact that the tax system in US is diversified and the tax differs according to the state. On the other hand, the tax in Egypt is levied on the overall income universally in Egypt. Another reason is that the tax in the United States between the states has competition among them. An individual is subjected to tax for double taxation and there tax levied for everything whether the income derived inside or outside of the US. On the other hand, the tax system in Egypt; an individual is subject to tax only for the income derived inside Egypt. There is no withholding or transfer of tax. Whereas, in US there is withholding and transferrable tax and there is the intervention of the ministries in the levying of tax. On the contrary, in Egypt, there is no intervention by the bank or the ministries. This makes it better than the tax in United States.

The Tragedy Of Oedipus Rex And Shakespeare s Othello ...

The definition of a tragedy is a narrative poem or story that describes the downfall of a good man. Both Othello and King Oedipus Rex Fall into this class of literature, even though they were written by two totally different authors and in two utterly different time periods. These two works share several comparisons to every different, while having an honest quantity of variations similarly. Pride is characterized as one of the seven deadliest sins. Most pleased individuals will never see themselves as to be genuinely glad until they encounter the results of their pride. Sophocles and Shakespeare both location this situation in their plays Oedipus Rex and Othello. Through their honorability, their appalling imperfections, the fall these blemishes cause, and the misery and astuteness they get from these falls, Oedipus and Othello uncover the genuine character of the awful saint and demonstrate the staggering outcomes of pride. Othello and King Oedipus Rex, each featured main characters with distinguished power; Othello was a greatly revered general with an impeccable service record among the Venetian Army while King Oedipus was the newly appointed king of Thebes. Each of these characters was well revered and honored members of their community.King Oedipus and Othello had to overcome obstacles to realize their prestigious positions. Othello was an African member of his society at a time once the white race was viewed as superior to different races. While he was beloved as aShow MoreRelatedThe Origins Of Drama And Theatre2001 Words   |  9 Pagesaccredited to inventing theatre and drama. In Greece during that time, at the height of popularity, were the stories of the well known flawed heroes and their journeys. Ancient Greece Comedy was a popular type of play in Ancient Greece, only second to Tragedy. These types were described in many details in Poetics, by Aristotle. He expressed that a comedy is â€Å"an imitation of inferior people - not, however, with respect to every kind of defect: the laughable is a species of what is disgraceful. The laughableRead MoreEssay on Oedipus the King by Sophocles2040 Words   |  9 PagesThe play, Oedipus the King by Sophocles presents a grim hamartia caused from a terrible deed of long ago. Oedipus the protagonist is the powerful King of Thebes and held of high estate by the people of Thebes. As the terrible deed of Oedipus’s becomes apparent to both Oedipus and the City of Thebes his tragic flaw is slowly realized. The play will show â€Å"tragic power resides in human failing, hamartia, constantly underpinning any sense of the inevitable† (Walton). The play will show the author’s view

Emotions Essay Free Essays

How important are your emotions in your life? There are many factors involved in making decisions but the most important are the emotions. My whole life is full of decisions that I made using my emotions. Emotions are the best way to make decision because emotions give a different point of view of the reality, help to choose the right options, and they are the key to success. We will write a custom essay sample on Emotions Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly; emotions always give me a different point of view of the reality. When I was eleven years old, I had a friend that was always in trouble. I decide to don’t talk to him anymore because he was a bad influence to me. But when I get home I feel bad for him. I decided to call him and invited him to my home. There I talked with him about his attitude. He told me that he acted like that because he did not have friends. For that reason he all the time was mad and sad. We spent the whole afternoon playing football. Then I realize the amazing person that the boy was. Since that day we have been friends and he made a lot of friends in school. That day my emotions let me see the right view of the reality. Secondly, emotions help me to choose the right options. When I was a kid my parents put me in a English course after school. No one of my friends liked that course; all of them decide to change it for a funnier course. I talked to my parents about that but they did not let me change the course. All of my friends told me to change the course without telling my parents. In that moment I have that decision in my hands. I realize that my parents put me in that course because they love me and I could not betray them. I felt the need to pay that love with responsibility. So, I decided to keep going to the English course. After many years, I can say that decision was one of the best decisions in my life. Thirdly, emotions are the key to success. I am senior in high school and I want to be a successful student at college. Looking for colleges is very stressful specially because some of them have really specific requirements. For me Rutgers was the university that I want to get accepted but their requirements were very high. I really want to get accepted but at the same time I was scary to get reject. But my emotions give me the confidence to see that I have a lot of qualities that make me an excellent student to get accepted in that university. Therefore, my emotions give me enough bravely to success. Therefore, the most important factors to make decisions are the emotions. I always make decisions using my emotions. And all of those decisions give me a lot of good moments. Emotions give us a different point of view of the reality, help us to choose the right options, and they are the key to success. So, it is your chose how your emotions will influence your life and your future. How to cite Emotions Essay, Essay examples

Emerging Application of Forensic Accounting for Detection of Frauds

Question: Discuss about the Emerging Application of Forensic Accounting for Detection of Frauds. Answer: Introduction (Research Topic): The emerging demand for forensic accounting is already acknowledged by many accounting practitioners in the field of accounting fraud detection (Williams 2014). In other words, it describes the engagement that results from actual or anticipated dispute or litigations (Ajao, Dada and Olaoye 2013). According to Nigrini (2012), forensic accounting helps to determine whether an individual or an organization has engaged in any illegal financial activities. Pedneault et al. (2012) assert that forensic accounting as a discipline encompasses knowledge regarding fraud, financial expertise and a sound knowledge and understanding of the business reality and the working of the legal system. Thus the role of the forensic accounting is gaining popularity worldwide by perceiving one of the more effective and efficient way to decrease and check accounting fraud. The purpose of the research is to explore the role of the forensic accounting in the area of detection of fraud in different types of organizations. Based on such research topic, the researcher will design the entire research process by containing research aim, objectives and research questions. Using different tools and techniques in the methodology section, the researcher will reach towards the research objectives and Research Problem: Nowadays, series of fraud have been committed both in private and public sector of the economy. Internal auditing is indeed not guaranteed to disclose all internal frauds of the organization because an internal auditor is the representative of government or organization. Then come the idea of external auditors, yet frauds are still being committed on regular intervals. The users of financial statements are often loss their confidence in the ability of the public accounting due to the occurrence of scandals, frauds, and failures and have increased the demand for forensic accountants (Awolowo 2016). The large organizations like Cadbury Aus Plc, West farmers have been found involved in fraud due to accessibility of high level management data in paper-based-system or a system of computer alike (Fiia 2013). Most of the frauds are human nature. This problem can be resolved by the way of knowing and informing about the application and role of forensic accounting in occurrences of the prevention of fraud. According to Huang et al. (2016) forensic accounting has played a significant role in the litigation and other legislative disputes fomented by these recent failures and frauds. Thus the fraud will be detected if the public is made to know the concept of forensic accounting. Research aim and objectives: Based on the problem of the research stated above, the research will address the significance of the detection of fraud by the application of forensic accounting. By aiming at this, the researcher will address the following objectives: To discuss the role of the forensic accounting on fraud detections To evaluate the differences between the roles of forensic accounting and that of the fundamental accounting in curbing financial crimes Questions of the Research: The research is expected to answer the following questions after the accomplishing the research work: What extent does forensic accounting influence on fraud detection? How does forensic accounting better than that of conventional accounting? How forensic accounting control falsified activities in a firm? Methodology of the research: According to O'Leary (2013), the methodology of the research gives the framework for conduct the research systematically. To make people informed about the application of forensic accounting and share the knowledge about its impact on fraud detection, the researcher will select the survey method for addressing the purpose of the study by gathering the adequate amount of primary research of data. The design of the research for this study is the exploratory research design because it relies on determining phenomena in their natural setting and deriving theories that fit the analysis of the data (Pickard 2012). To gain some insights of the research topic, the researcher wills select the sample for getting the responses from the concerned respondents. The information on numerous subjects of research will be gathered from audit and accounting practitioners who have previously applied or have a clear concepts about the forensic accounting. Research Process: The researcher will follow a progressive research approach by maintaining a typical process in the following manner: By presuming that the chosen research topic holds the relevance, the researcher selects forensic accounting as the research topic in the firm section. After investigating the problem statement, the researcher will formulate the aim, objectives and questions of the research in the following of the research. To address the research questions and identify the role of the forensic accounting on fraud detection, the researcher conducts methodologies in the next section. After collecting data from accounting practitioners considering those who hold detailed application knowledge about forensic accounting, the researcher will analyze the gathered data and information in the data analysis and analysis section of this research study. In this way, the researcher will get the research outcome addressing the research objectives in the last section of the research. Collection of data and analysis: This section will be displayed and presented the empirical results of the research (Palinkas et al. 2015). This study will attempt to analyze gathered data and information about the impacts of forensic accounting on fraud detection detailing the variables like falsification of accounts, forged cheques, cashiering frauds, theft of cash/suppression of lodgment and other miscellaneous frauds (Awolowo 2016). For getting responses from the survey process, the researcher will ask questionnaires about the effectiveness of forensic accounting in the area of fraud detection. The research will also ask responses about any current challenges that they faced during the practice of such accounting. Furthermore, the researcher will arrange face-to face interviews for getting more information related to this research topic. The researcher will collect data from people associated with international accounting bodies such as members of ICA of Australia. Expected Research outcome: By discussing the applications of forensic accounting services considering both private and public sector organizations of Australia, the study will identify the different types of fraudulent activities which could be resolved by an effective application of the forensic accounting. The ineffectiveness of the forensic accounting services by corporate organizations will get a strong signal about the significant role of the forensic accounting in maintaining the corporate governance. References: Ajao, O.S., Dada, S.O. and Olaoye, S.A., 2013. Application of forensic accounting technique in effective investigation and detection of embezzlement to combat corruption in Nigeria.Unique Journal of Business Management Research,1(4), pp.065-070. Awolowo, I.F., 2016. Financial Statement Frauds: The Need for a Paradigm Shift to Forensic Accounting.system,7(10), p.23. Fiia, F., 2013. Forensic accounting: A tool for fraud detection and prevention in the public sector.(A study of selected ministries in Kogi state).International Journal of Academic Research in Business and social sciences,3(3), p.1. Huang, S.Y., Lin, C.C., Chiu, A.A. and Yen, D.C., 2016. Fraud detection using fraud triangle risk factors.Information Systems Frontiers, pp.1-14. Nigrini, M., 2012.Benford's Law: Applications for forensic accounting, auditing, and fraud detection(Vol. 586). John Wiley Sons. O'Leary, Z., 2013. The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. and Hoagwood, K., 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), pp.533-544. Pedneault, S., Silverstone, H., Rudewicz, F. and Sheetz, M., 2012.Forensic accounting and fraud investigation for non-experts. John Wiley Sons. Pickard, A., 2012. Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Williams, J.W., 2014. The private eyes of corporate culture: The forensic accounting and corporate investigation industry and the production of corporate financial security. InCorporate Security in the 21st Century(pp. 56-77). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel Essay Example

Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel Essay Curso: Analisis Cuantitativo y Toma de decisiones: Fecha: 09 Marzo 2013 Integrantes: Monica Calderon Monica Chavez Monica Escobar Julio Jaramillo Sandra Saco Vertiz Case 3: Positioning the Infiniti G20 EXERCISES 1. Using the data in Exhibit 1 and the associated perceptual mapping software, describe the two (or, if applicable, three) dimensions underlying the perceptual maps that you generated. Based on these maps, how do people in this market perceive the Infiniti G20 compared with its competitors? El G20 es visto como un automovil atractivo y exitoso. Muy bien posicionado junto a otras marcas de la gama como BMW y Honda 2. Infiniti promoted the G20 as a Japanese car (basic version $17,500) with a German feel, basically a car that was like the BMW 318i ($20,000), but lower priced. Is this a credible claim, given the perceptions and preferences of the respondents? Los 2 principales competidores del G20 son BMW 318i and the Honda Prelude. Es una dificil tarea promocionar el G20 sobre el BMW 318i en alto prestigio y atractivo; este ultimo punto punto es subjetivo y los gustos del publico pueden cambiar facilmente. El prestigio del auto puede ser promocionado, pero con menor precio del G20 vs BMW, el publico podria percibir que el auto mas caro es el que mas prestigio tiene. De acuerdo a la data y en comparacion con el BMW 318i, el G20 tiene menor precio, elevado ahorro en combustible y larga garantia. Promocionar estos puntos del mercado el G20 tiene un gran valor sobre el BMW 318i es la mejor solucion y puede ser muy bien apreciado por los consumidores. 3. Which attributes are most important in influencing preference for these cars in the three segments (S1, S2 and S3) shown on these maps? We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Engineering Ford Hotel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To which segment(s) would you market the Infiniti G20? How would you reposition the Infiniti G20 to best suit the chosen segment(s)? Briefly describe the marketing program you would use to target the chosen segment(s). Los mas importantes atributos por segmento son: Segment 1 (S1): Hi Prestige, Quiet, Interesting, and Common. Segment 2 (S2): Roomy, Easy Service, and Sporty. Segment 3 (S3): Unreliable, Poor value and Poorly built. El mercado para Infiniti G20 serian los segments 1 and 2, porque ellos aparecen como el modelo ideal de clientes para Infiniti. Ellos comparten las mismas cualidades y estilo de auto que estamos produciendo. Adicionalmente podriamos reposicionar el G20 como lujoso, deportivo, confortable, logrando satisfacer los requerimientos del consumidor de ambos segmentos. 4. What ongoing research program would you recommend to Infiniti to improve its evaluation of its segmentation of the market and positioning of its G20? Podria recomendar a Infiniti invertir mas tiempo concentrando o mejorando los atributos menos valorados por los consumidores, a la vez que podria encontrar la forma de hacerlos mas economicos e interesantes. Ayudando tanto a mejorar su produccion, costos y a la vez mejorar la percepcion del producto de parte de los clientes. 5. Summarize the advantages and limitations of the software provided for this application. Consideramos una limitante que el programe no brinde una explicacion de los resultados, o una interpretacion de los escenarios. Como ventaja podemos considerar que nos permite visualizar el impacto de cada uno de los atributos en el consumidor, y en base a esa informacion ofrecer mejoras en el producto final. Case 4: Forte Hotel Design EXERCISES 1. Design: Using a blank Excel spreadsheet, follow Step 1 in the Conjoint Tutorial and develop a Study Design Template (MEXL==Conjoint==Create Study Design Template) for Forte, using the attributes and levels from Exhibit 1. Next, follow Step 2 in the Tutorial, Create a data collection instrument, selecting Ratings method and 1 for the number of respondents (you). When you are done, check to be sure that your sheet looks like the Forte Hotel Data (Conjoint, 1 Ratings) data set in My Marketing Engineering. Then, briefly summarize the advantages and limitations of describing products as bundles of attribute options. En este ejercicio creamos los atributos y los diferentes niveles de cada atributo, familiarizandonos con el uso de la herramienta. 2. Utility assessment: Using the sheet that you created in Question 1, rate each of the bundles, giving your most preferred bundle 100 and your least preferred bundle 0, as described in Step 3 in the Tutorial. When you are done, follow Step 4 in the Tutorial and perform a utility assessment for yourself (MEXL==Conjoint==Create Study Design TemplateEstimate Preference Part Worths). Interpret your own preferences on the resulting Part Worths Sheet. Como resultado del ejercicio Podemos interpretar que Monica prefiere la habitacion con un escritorio y prioriza el telefono al internet. Desea entretenimiento exterior para practicar actividades deportivas. Le encanta la limpieza personal y desea sus zapatos bien lustrados. Tambien prefiera acercarse al restaurant al delivery. 3. Open the â€Å"Forte Hotel Data (Conjoint, 2 Partworths)† data set in My Marketing Engineering and review the Partworths developed from the respondents in this case. Based on your experiences in completing these tasks, summarize the advantages and limitations of conjoint analysis for obtaining preference data from customers. Respondents Preference Partworths Respondents preference partworths. The most preferred profiles sum up to 100, the least preferred to 0. Respondents / Small Suite Large Room Room Office Internet access Speaker phone Attributes and Levels 0 9 11 52 13 Amanda 10 37 0 0 9 Ann 26 0 10 21 0 Bruce 8 0 22 13 25 Byron 34 0 30 0 16 Byung 45 0 16 0 2 Colleen 17 7 0 7 24 Courtney 15 0 12 0 14 Daniel 13 0 24 10 23 Dierdre 11 20 0 9 0 Elio 0 27 7 4 0 Eugene 8 0 31 8 0 Frank 20 0 14 0 7 Gabriel 0 19 5 10 22 George 14 31 0 14 0 Gina 6 16 0 0 16 Hans 0 7 47 0 8 Hector 34 0 16 6 27 Jin Hyuk Room fax 0 3 14 0 11 0 0 38 0 19 2 10 21 0 13 9 25 0 Ventajas: Permite identificar la combinacion de atributos preferidos por los consumidores. Explotar los atributos preferidos o mas valorados con un adecuado plan de marketing. Permite caracterizar perfiles de los clientes y asi poder enfocar mejor nuestras ofertas. Limitaciones: No podemos segmentar completamente a nuestra oferta hacia el consumidor (salvo que la base sea estadisticamente robusta). Requiere de un analisis cualitativo previa para identificar las variables a considerar. 4. Analysis: Open the Forte Hotel Data (Conjoint, 3 Analysis) data set in My Marketing Engineering, which has competed Steps 5 and 6 in the Tutorial for you. Follow Step 7 in the Tutorial, ((MEXL==Conjoint==Run Analysis) and assess the viability of the four specific hotel concepts that Forte is exploring for the State College area. Base this evaluation on the preferences of a sample of 40 business travelers on that sheet (Exhibit 2) and the cost estimates summarized in Exhibit 3. The base cost to build each hotel room (without the attributes and options listed in Exhibit 3) is expected to be about $40,000 for a 150- to 200-room hotel, regardless of the mix of room types. . Identify the optimal product concept from among those Forte is considering. Explain how you arrived at your recommendation. Consideramos que optimal product 1 es el concepto que deberia considerar Forte porque este le permitira una mejor penetracion en el mercado, lo cual ademas de traer la mayor aceptacion redundara en un pronto recupero de la inversion. 6. Would you recommend product concepts other than the four Forte is considering for the State College market? Expla in how you arrived at your recommendation(s). Las 4 opciones engloban el tipo de cliente que normalmente tienen este tipo de cadena de hoteles con lo cual la segmentacion esta muy bien aplicada; sin embargo podrian agregar una opcion enfocada a empresas, BtoB, que esten interesadas en utilizar el hotel como centro de convenciones que duren uno o mas dias y la empresa contratante deba hospedar a sus invitados, si bien es cierto, no es constante todo el ano, podrian tener preparada una opcion con servicios estandar y ciertos entretenimientos. Podria llamarse Business 1. 7. Summarize the major advantages and limitations of a conjoint study for new roduct design. What conditions favor the use of this approach in the hotel industry? (Consider such factors as types of customers and market conditions in responding to this question). Este modelo le permite a la industria hotelera saber la valoracion del mix e atributos valorados por el cliente y de esta forma tener una propuesta enfocada en el publico objetivo al que se dirige, ademas l e permite saber, en la medida que disponga de informacion de los otros hoteles, en que segmento tendria mayores probabilidad de tener una mejor aceptacion. Sin embargo el uso de esta herramienta requeriria de un alto costo de inversion inicial en investigacion de mercados, ya que exigiria la realizacion de una encuesta que permita contar con datos para la evaluacion. Case 5: Durr Environmental, Inc. – Air Pollution Control Systems Durr faced the following questions: 1. Is it economically sensible to enter the US market? 2. If so, what would be the best offering to make? 3. Would it be better to provide two different offerings? If so, what should they be? 4. Which segment(s) of the customers should they target, with what selling proposition for their new offering(s)? Provide a business case to address these issues. Assume the following: The business must generate marginal revenue of $4MM/year to justify entry, and it will cost Durr an additional $3MM/year to support a second offering. 1. Modelo de Negocio: Tamano del Mercado * Participacion del Mercado *Margen de Contribucion Segun la premisa debemos justificar mas de US $4MM para justificar la entrada al mercado. Tamano del Mercado: Market research indicated that there would be about 300 units of that size sold in the US each year over the next decade. Participacion del mercado Margen de Utilidad: Producto Servair= 200K + 200K + 10K + 70K – 300K = US $180K Producto Premier= 200K+200K-170K+0+0= US $230K Producto Base =200K+0+0+0=US $200K Conclusion: Para Servair == 300 * 0. 1877 * 180 = US $10. 1 MM Para Premier = 300 * 0. 1433 * 230= US $9. 8 MM Para Base = 300 * 0. 0889 * 200=US $5. 3 MM Dado que los 3 escenarios son mayores a los US $ 4MM, podemos ingresar al mercado con cualquiera de los productos. Cada uno de ellos nos permitira mayor o menor ganancia segun nuestra apuesta. 2. If so, what would be the best offering to make? Luego analizamos por cada tipo de producto. Segmentamos por Producto 1: Y ahora segmentamos por Producto 2: Sugerimos el producto Premier DX porque tiene mayor probabilidad de aceptacion y por ende nos permite ganar mercado mas rapido. Maximizar beneficios y asegurarnos posicionamiento de marca. . Would it be better to provide two different offerings? If so, what should they be? Recomendamos ingresar solamente con el producto Premier, dado que lograriamos mayor participacion de mercado, un mayor nivel de beneficios e incluso eliminar un competidor. Sin embargo, si quisieramos incorporar un segundo producto sugerimos que sea el primero, pues pese a tener una menor contribucion marginal que el tercero tendriamos mayor probabilidad de aceptacion y por lo tanto tendriamos menor exposicion al riesgo. . Which segment(s) of the customers should they target, with what selling proposition for their new offering(s)? Podrian ser empresas que tienen un alto sentido de responsabilidad con el medio ambiente y desean ejercer control del sistema de emision de gases de manera eficiente. Prefieren invertir en un buen sistema y asegurar un contrato de servicio, para evitar quedarse sin soporte ante algun inconveniente.

Definition and Examples of Epideictic Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Epideictic Rhetoric Epideictic  rhetoric (or epideictic oratory) is ceremonial discourse:  speech or writing that praises or blames (someone or something). According to Aristotle, epideictic  rhetoric (or epideictic oratory) is one of the three major branches of rhetoric. Also known as  demonstrative rhetoric  and ceremonial discourse, epideictic rhetoric includes funeral orations, obituaries, graduation and retirement speeches, letters of recommendation, and nominating speeches at political conventions. Interpreted more broadly, epideictic rhetoric may also include works of literature. In his recent study of epideictic rhetoric (Epideictic Rhetoric: Questioning the Stakes of Ancient Praise, 2015),  Laurent Pernot notes that since the time of Aristotle, epideictic has been a loose term: The field of epideictic rhetoric seems vague and laden with poorly resolved ambiguities. EtymologyFrom the Greek, fit for displaying or showing off Pronunciation:  eh-pi-DIKE-tick Examples of Epideictic Rhetoric Daniel Webster in Praise of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson:Adams and Jefferson, I have said, are no more. As human beings, indeed, they are no more. They are no more, as in 1776, bold and fearless advocates of independence; no more, as at subsequent periods, the head of the government; nor more, as we have recently seen them, aged and venerable objects of admiration and regard. They are no more. They are dead. But how little is there of the great and good which can die! To their country they yet live, and live for ever. They live in all that perpetuates the remembrance of men on earth; in the recorded proofs of their own great actions, in the offspring of their intellect, in the deep-engraved lines of public gratitude, and in the respect and homage of mankind. They live in their example; and they live, emphatically, and will live, in the influence which their lives and efforts, their principles and opinions, now exercise, and will continue to exercise, on the affairs of men, not onl y in their own country but throughout the civilized world.(Daniel Webster, On the Deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, 1826) Oprah Winfreys Eulogy for Rosa Parks:And Im here today to say a final thank you, Sister Rosa, for being a great woman who used your life to serve, to serve us all. That day that you refused to give up your seat on the bus, you, Sister Rosa, changed the trajectory of my life and the lives of so many other people in the world.I would not be standing here today nor standing where I stand every day had she not chosen to sit down. . . . Had she not chosen to say we shall not- we shall not be moved.(Oprah Winfrey, Eulogy for Rosa Parks, October 31, 2005) Observations on Epideictic Rhetoric Persuasion and Epideictic Rhetoric:Rhetorical theory, the study of the art of persuasion, has long had to recognize that there are many literary and rhetorical texts where rhetoric does not aim directly at persuasion, and their analysis has long been problematical. To categorize speeches aimed at praise and blame rather than at decision-making, speeches such as funeral orations and encomia or panegyrics, Aristotle devised the technical term epideictic. It can readily be extended to take in literary and theoretical texts insofar as they also do not aim directly at persuasion.(Richard Lockwood, The Readers Figure: Epideictic Rhetoric in Plato, Aristotle, Bossuet, Racine and Pascal. Libraire Droz, 1996) Aristotle on Epideictic (Ceremonial) Rhetoric:The ceremonial orator is, properly speaking, concerned with the present, since all men praise or blame in view of the state of things existing at the time, though they often find it useful also to recall the past and to make guesses at the future.(Aristotle, Rhetoric) Cicero on Epideictic Orations:[Epideictic orations are] produced as show-pieces, as it were, for the pleasure they will give, a class comprising eulogies, descriptions, and histories, exhortations like the Panegyric of Isocrates, and similar orations by many of the Sophists . . . and all other speeches unconnected with battles of public life. . . . [The epideictic style] indulges in a neatness and symmetry of sentences, and is allowed to use well-defined and rounded periods; the ornamentation is done of set purpose, with no attempt at concealment, but openly and avowedly . . ..The epideictic oration, then, has a sweet, fluent and copious style, with bright conceits and sounding phrases. It is the proper field for sophists, as we said, and is fitter for the parade than for the battle . . ..(Cicero, Orator, trans. by H.M. Hubbell) Aims of Epideictic Rhetoric:If we speak in praise . . . if they do not know him, we shall try to make them [the audience] desire to know a man of such excellence since the hearers of our eulogy have the same zeal for virtue as the subject of the eulogy had or now has, we hope easily to win the approval of his deeds from those whose approval we desire. The opposite, if it is censure: . . . we shall try to make them know him, in order that they may avoid his wickedness; since our hearers are unlike the subject of our censure, we express the hope that they will vigorously disapprove his way of life.(Rhetorica ad Herennium, 90s BC) President Obamas Epideictic Rhetoric:Kathleen Hall Jamieson, the director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that there were many forms of political discourse. . . . She said Mr. [Barack] Obama excels at speeches read from a teleprompter to a mass audience, not necessarily at the other forms. And his best speeches, she said, were examples of epideictic or ceremonial rhetoric, the kind we associate with conventions or funerals or important occasions, as opposed to the deliberative language of policymaking or the forensic language of argument and debate.They don’t necessarily translate to, say, selling major legislation, a skill mastered, for example, by Lyndon B. Johnson, hardly a compelling orator.It’s not a kind of speech that’s a valuable predictor of one’s capacity to govern, she said. I don’t mean to say it doesn’t forecast something. It does. But presidents have to do a lot more than that.(Pete r Applebome, Is Eloquence Overrated? The New York Times, January  13, 2008)

International Trade Administration of North America Term Paper

International Trade Administration of North America - Term Paper Example When we look at the old pattern where how the US economy works, that is, the population also grows along with US economy, the job fulfilment is reached. When we check the business-peak cycle from January 1980 to July 1990 we can observe the total U.S employment grow by 151,000 net new payroll jobs in a month. And it increased at a rate of 178,000 at the business- peak cycle from July 1991 to March 2001, but around the turn of millennium the situation began to change in U.S. than before (Lenain, et al., 2012). Due to the weak employment growth in the beginning of the millennium the economy fell into recession and began to shed jobs at the end of 2008 and this lasted till the president signed the American recovery and reinvestment act. The recession made a large and continuing negative impact on the state and local governments, however with the help of recovery act and by the payroll tax cut and unemployment insurance extensions contained in the tax relief, unemployment insurance reaut horisation and job creation act of 2010, the U.S. economy had added jobs in every month from February 2010 (Lenain, et al., 2012). The economy of whole North America includes 528 million people in its 23 sovereign states and 15 dependent territories. It is marked by a sharp division between predominantly English speaking countries of Canada and united states , which are among the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world, and the countries in central America and Caribbean the less developed.

Changes in Intercollegiate Athletic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changes in Intercollegiate Athletic - Assignment Example The participation of gaming at colleges has to lead to the formation of national teams taking part in Olympics, tournaments, and creation of professional leagues. The paper dwells on the discussion on changes that have taken place in the intercollegiate athletic. Introduction of athletic scholarship among universities has seen many students discover and nurture their talents besides seeking education. The opportunity has improved sports activities among students, encouraging more female scholars to take up athletic practices. Arianne & Zullo estimates that 78 percent of athletics in universities enroll on scholarship from research done in Penn State. School sports help in achieving education mission as the team such as basketball, hockey development innovative programs that aid in instilling discipline and hard work among scholars. Provision of incentives to athletics and distribution of funds to institutions belonging to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has resulted in the commercialization of sporting activities. Lavish spending is among the main problems facing college sports because many universities pour a large amount of money on types of equipment and facilities in order to produce excellent players in soccer, basket ball forgetting to adhere to the institution’s budget. Failure to plan sports’ events has seen colleges run in sports deficit because funds are to cater for scholarship as well as support sporting, forcing the state and donor to offset the debts even worse use fee levied from all students. In the recent past, athletic achievement has been recognized in the job market thus creating an opportunity for the participants rather than dwell on academics performance alone. The experience both educational and athletic earned during the tenure is essential in the everyday life.

Relationship between prefrontal cortex and antisocial behaviour

Relationship between prefrontal cortex and antisocial behaviour The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an essential aspect of the frontal lobes in the brain. Executive function is carried out by the prefrontal cortex: where abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts and to determine what is good or bad operate. The PFC is connected very compactly with the rest of the brain which allows the PFC to be responsible for guiding features such as memory, emotion, decision-making, planning actions, and attention. If the PFC is damaged and the activity in it is minimal then this affects many things. The PFC could be damaged by lesions or even due to the misuse of drugs or alcohol (Rogers et al., 2010). In turn the damage to the PFC can lead the brain to make irrational decisions; have loss of behavioural control or even have a complete personality change: all of which explain why people may perform antisocial behaviour (ASB). Lesions in the prefrontal cortex have massive effects on decision making. (Manes et al., 2001). ASB stems from the fact that a human being has taken the decision as to whether they should act in a way that is not seen as appropriate in society: therefore, the damage to the PFC may have led them to this decision. Manes (2001) carried out a study to examine this theory. Manes found that out of several different groups he had with lesions in different parts of the brain the group with large frontal lesions was the only group to exhibit risky decision making. This contradicts most other studies: including studies by Benjamin Libet and colleagues which showed that brain activity associated with deliberate decisions can be detected shortly before we are conscious of making the decision. (Libet, 1983) Participants were asked to note when they first felt the intention of making a movement by noting the position of a dot on a computer screen. The participants were first aware of their intentions about 200 milliseconds before actually acting. This is much later than the onset of readiness potential: meaning that the decision to act in a particular way in this study was risky. This experiment was heavily criticised for its accuracy. However, recent research has proven that if anything the actual onset of conscious intention is later. (Lau, 2006). The PFC can not only change the way somebody makes decisions -many studies have proven that lesions in the PFC can cause a complete personality change, where a good mannered personality can be changed instantly to an unpleasant one. (Chow, 2000) This was substantially displayed in the accident of Phineas Gage, (Harlow, 1848) where he survived a horrific accident after a large iron rod went completely through his head, destroying much of his brains left frontal lobe. This accident resulted in a vast personality change of Gage, which raised one of the first discussions as to whether damage to the prefrontal cortex can change a persons behaviour. This then led to even more studies into this issue which resulted in one of the largest studies of patients with brain damage. Grafman (1996) found that the patients that showed an increase in aggression were most strongly associated with PFC lesions in a sample of 279 veterans of the Vietnam War. However, the higher scores were mostly associated with verbal aggression rather than physical. This, yet again, supported Harlows observation of Gage. (Grafman, 1996) The PFC is essential for behavioural control; therefore, this is why PFC lesions lead to ASB. Anti-social behaviour can be described as behaviour that is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to [others]. (Riley, 2007). Many studies have demonstrated the direct effect that the PFC has on determining ASB. Violent behaviour is connected with structural and functional shortages in the prefrontal cortex according to many brain imaging studies. A meta-analysis of these studies was carried out by Yang et al (2009), where 43 structural and functional imaging studies were looked at. Results showed an 11% reduction in PFC grey matter in patients with anti-social personality disorder (APD). From all of these studies it was concluded that there is reduced prefrontal structure and function in antisocial individuals. Anderson (1999) also investigated this he examined the long term consequences of PFC lesions before 16 months in two adults. It resulted in the two adults having severely impaired social behaviour despite basic cognitive abilities and also insensitivity to consequences of decisions. The two patients suffered from defective social and moral reasoning; showing attainment of complex social and moral rules had been impaired. This study explained that early prefrontal damage syndrome leads to syndrome resembling psychopathy. A great deal of empirical research demonstrates that mental illness is higher in incarcerated populations and estimates that as many as 25% of defendants evaluated for capability are medically and legally incompetent to stand trial. (Golding, 1984). With this fact in mind, many people argue that minds are simply what brains do (Minsky, 1948) If this is the case then people are controlled by their brain, therefore have little personal choice as to how they behave. It is clear that the PFC has a huge effect on behaviour of human beings. It can have such an effect that it changes a persons entire personality from positive to negative. Anything that minimises the activity in the PFC can lead to negative consequences. It can make somebody less effective at decision making; make people violent and entirely change somebody as a person. All of these things in turn lead to antisocial behaviour which raises huge debate as to whether people who are antisocial due to minimal activity in the PFC are criminals or are innocently mentally ill human beings. It is certain how important the PFC is to the brain and the research that has been carried out shows that we should not abuse the PFC (alcohol, drugs) as it is very significant to enable us to behaviour in a responsible manner.

Cognitive Psychology

Psychology has experienced many stages of development and gained momentum with many prominent psychologists attempting to map the human mind and explain the behaviors involved. These individuals have shaped the many theories of psychology and given insight to the vast complexity of the human mind in nearly all walks of life. Up until the 1960’s psychology was dominated with behaviorism and gained popularity with findings by B. F Skinners rate maze (Bjork, 2010). B. F. Skinner believed that the mind was invisible and irrelevant to scientists. He believed that concerns should be focused on end results rather than internal processes. The incomplete analysis of human behavior sparked many questions giving rise the theories of cognitive psychology, which examine the internal processes, problem solving skills, memory and language and the general mystery of how people think, remember, learn and behave (Boeree, 2006). This paper will examine four milestones in cognitive psychology and why the concepts of behaviorism cannot be ignored in the cognitive approach as it relates to human behavior. On the forefront of psychology as a scholarly study is Wilhelm Wundt. His foundation of a formal institution to study the many aspects of human behavior paved the way for the development of the many schools of thought in the field of psychology. His establishment of the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig separated psychology as a dedicated science field of study and as thus made the development of cognitive psychology possible. Though Wundt was studying the mind through a perspective considered structuralism, his model of studying the various aspects of the human mind, presented a model to be emulated by psychologists around the world. Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was interested in the growth of human cognitive capacities. Piaget explored how children grow and develop in their abilities to reason and think. His studies were focused on how a child would reach a certain conclusion rather than whether the reached conclusion was accurate. Piaget developed the four stage process of child development and laid out a pattern of how information flows differently during the brain development of humans. These stages are vital to the understanding of physical and mental limitations in the processing of data as it enters the brain. His model of child development serves as guidance for school curriculums and education modules (Huitt, 2003) Albert Bandura initially studied human behavior through the eyes of behaviorism, but realized that the mind absorbs information differently depending on the circumstances surrounding a person, and as such the processing is equally important as the information being fed. (Boeree, 2006). He is often considered the initiator of the cognitive movement, when his realization of the various factors contributing to the retention, processing and memory of information began to emerge in the expansion of studies in psychology (Boeree, 2006). The last noted contributor to the development of cognitive psychology was George Miller. His publication of â€Å"The Lucky Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two† illustrated the limitation of the human brain and its capacity to retain and process data (Miller, 1956). Miller points out the ability to retain a data set exceeding the value of seven becomes more challenging and the average human does not have the capacity to accurately process information in excess of seven. He illustrates this theory by tying it to the numerical representation of the number seven in significant events and happenings around the world. The seven seas, the seven deadly sins, the seven days of the week and the coincidental assignment of seven-digit phone numbers serve as related findings of astonishing fascination. The value of observations in cognitive psychology can not be ignored due to the nature of cognitive psychology. It was founded on the basis of many schools of thought and as such it is the study of the mind, which functions based on external factors as well as internal happenings. Unlike a computer, which functions the same, regardless of how the information was entered, a human being will react and process the information differently. For instance, a computer will carry out a calculation in the same way, without regard to the emotional state the person enters the data. To a computer it is irrelevant how the person feels. A person will process information depending on the state he or she is in and this varying state of mind influences a person’s ability to retain data, misinterpret instructions or react to situations. This can be evident in ability to focus on simple tasks when a person is in strenuous or emotionally charged situations. The observation of behavior in cognitive psychology will give clues on the effects of mental disposition prior to receiving data and the various outcomes. This approach sheds light on the dependence of behavior and attitude towards the ability to simply process data. Without consideration of other factors the field of cognitive science would be unreliable as the physical process of data as it enters the brain results in vastly different reaction in people. This difference can be attributed to personality, experience and other factors of the human mind. Cognitive psychology is a fairly new science, though the many branches have laid the foundation of it over the past centuries. The fascination of human behavior has taken many shape and forms and given birth to the many approaches of study. Cognitive psychology has accepted the challenge to not only look at the behavior or what causes it, but also how this determination is made in the human brain. This perspective of psychology can be challenging and as such, the study will continue for many years, as the observation is not visible to the human eye. With the help of modern technology, the process of translating immeasurable data happening inside the human brain to evidential data in explaining the functions of thinking, reasoning, memory and retention has become vast and continues to inspire further interest in the exploration of the complex human mind. Boeree, George. (2006). Albert bandura. Retrieved from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/bandura. html Boeree, George. (2006). Jean piaget. Retrieved from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html Bjork, Daniel. (2010). B. f. kinner (1904 – 1990) behavioral analysis, social service, educational reform. Retrieved from http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/2421/Skinner-B-F-1904-1990. html Huitt, W. , & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www. edpsycinteractive. org/topics/cogsys/piaget. html Miller, George. (1956). The Magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Retrieved from http://www. musanim. com/miller1956/ Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short† (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own discipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychology, which is only roughly 50 years old.Cognitive psychology expands upon other fields of psychology to further reveal why human beings act in the way they do. This paper will define cognitive psychology, explore key milestones in its development, and discuss the importance of observation as it relates to cognitive psychology. While human behavior has been observed since the beginnings of psychology, the different fields focused only on observable behaviors. In contrast to that, cogni tive psychology is a perspective that looks at the mental processes involved with human intelligence and behavior.These processes include thinking, speaking, perceiving, memory, and problem-solving (Willingham, 2007). This field of psychology researches the unobservable nature of these processes, and uses abstract constructs to better understand these processes (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology has evolved from other fields of psychology, one of which is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a very popular field of study during the early part of the 20th century.Many well-known psychologists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner made their mark during this behaviorist revolution. The behaviorist movement was firmly rooted in the scientific method and relied heavily on the observable actions. While behaviorism was a useful tool in explaining behaviors based on instinct and drives, it had several large hold-ups in being useful for humans. First, most of the experiments were done using non-hu man animals such as Pavlov’s dogs, which had no real usefulness in explaining the aspects of human intelligence.The second, and most destructive shortcoming for behaviorism, was that it did not observe, nor could it explain, human language, or intrinsic drives (Willingham, 2007). From these short comings, it became evident that parts of the human psyche had to be studied, which is where cognitive psychology began to form. However, this shortcoming has not been the only development to help cognitive psychology become what it is. The metaphor comparing the human mind to a computer was a big leap for cognitive psychology.It allowed new abstract ideas to formulate on how the human brain works like an information processing center (Willingham, 2007). The basic break down of this is sensory input gives way to processing, and from processing a behavior is chosen and performed. This behavior could be internal or external dependant on what the input necessitates. For instance the comp uter currently being used to write this paper is receiving input from the keyboard. This information is translated as a bunch of zeroes and ones, which are then output to the monitor in the form of the letters being typed on the keyboard.Combine this metaphorical approach with the onset of technology, specifically neuroscience, and cognitive psychology continues to evolve. Neuroscience has tremendously helped cognitive psychology evolve. With the development of brain studying equipment such EEGs, CT scans, and MRIs cognitive psychologists, and scientists, are better able to understand how the brain is used in receiving input. A patient can be hooked up to one of these machines and be asked to perform a task, either physical or mental, and the brain patterns can be observed.While the direct process of the interaction between brain cells cannot be directly observed, the patterns can be. These observations can be used to determine if the inferences made by the observing cognitive speci alist are accurate (Willingham, 2007). Observing how the brain reacts during these experiments can show links between the structure of the brain and the associated functions performed (Willingham, 2007). Even with technology playing a key role in cognitive psychology, behavioral observation does still play a key in cognitive psychology.Behavioral observation is still vital in cognitive psychology. This is because it has shown that two different people may develop different ways to solve similar problems. Through these observations it has been suggested that how people solve problems helps to develop new cognitive skills. Also, without observation, the only tests that can be run are thinking tests, which entails a large amount of logic being applied to the results (Willingham, 2007). Observing how different people handle different situations allows for generalization to not become a problem.The continued technology movement has fueled the cognitive psychology movement. Combing experi ments with a machine that can view the brain functions while the behavior is also being observed has produced many new theories. This cognitive movement has been founded on the failures of the past, and is growing with the technology of the future. References Goodwin, J. C. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Willingham, D. T. (2007). CognitionL The thinking animal (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. Cognitive Psychology Psychology has experienced many stages of development and gained momentum with many prominent psychologists attempting to map the human mind and explain the behaviors involved. These individuals have shaped the many theories of psychology and given insight to the vast complexity of the human mind in nearly all walks of life. Up until the 1960’s psychology was dominated with behaviorism and gained popularity with findings by B. F Skinners rate maze (Bjork, 2010). B. F. Skinner believed that the mind was invisible and irrelevant to scientists. He believed that concerns should be focused on end results rather than internal processes. The incomplete analysis of human behavior sparked many questions giving rise the theories of cognitive psychology, which examine the internal processes, problem solving skills, memory and language and the general mystery of how people think, remember, learn and behave (Boeree, 2006). This paper will examine four milestones in cognitive psychology and why the concepts of behaviorism cannot be ignored in the cognitive approach as it relates to human behavior. On the forefront of psychology as a scholarly study is Wilhelm Wundt. His foundation of a formal institution to study the many aspects of human behavior paved the way for the development of the many schools of thought in the field of psychology. His establishment of the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig separated psychology as a dedicated science field of study and as thus made the development of cognitive psychology possible. Though Wundt was studying the mind through a perspective considered structuralism, his model of studying the various aspects of the human mind, presented a model to be emulated by psychologists around the world. Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was interested in the growth of human cognitive capacities. Piaget explored how children grow and develop in their abilities to reason and think. His studies were focused on how a child would reach a certain conclusion rather than whether the reached conclusion was accurate. Piaget developed the four stage process of child development and laid out a pattern of how information flows differently during the brain development of humans. These stages are vital to the understanding of physical and mental limitations in the processing of data as it enters the brain. His model of child development serves as guidance for school curriculums and education modules (Huitt, 2003) Albert Bandura initially studied human behavior through the eyes of behaviorism, but realized that the mind absorbs information differently depending on the circumstances surrounding a person, and as such the processing is equally important as the information being fed. (Boeree, 2006). He is often considered the initiator of the cognitive movement, when his realization of the various factors contributing to the retention, processing and memory of information began to emerge in the expansion of studies in psychology (Boeree, 2006). The last noted contributor to the development of cognitive psychology was George Miller. His publication of â€Å"The Lucky Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two† illustrated the limitation of the human brain and its capacity to retain and process data (Miller, 1956). Miller points out the ability to retain a data set exceeding the value of seven becomes more challenging and the average human does not have the capacity to accurately process information in excess of seven. He illustrates this theory by tying it to the numerical representation of the number seven in significant events and happenings around the world. The seven seas, the seven deadly sins, the seven days of the week and the coincidental assignment of seven-digit phone numbers serve as related findings of astonishing fascination. The value of observations in cognitive psychology can not be ignored due to the nature of cognitive psychology. It was founded on the basis of many schools of thought and as such it is the study of the mind, which functions based on external factors as well as internal happenings. Unlike a computer, which functions the same, regardless of how the information was entered, a human being will react and process the information differently. For instance, a computer will carry out a calculation in the same way, without regard to the emotional state the person enters the data. To a computer it is irrelevant how the person feels. A person will process information depending on the state he or she is in and this varying state of mind influences a person’s ability to retain data, misinterpret instructions or react to situations. This can be evident in ability to focus on simple tasks when a person is in strenuous or emotionally charged situations. The observation of behavior in cognitive psychology will give clues on the effects of mental disposition prior to receiving data and the various outcomes. This approach sheds light on the dependence of behavior and attitude towards the ability to simply process data. Without consideration of other factors the field of cognitive science would be unreliable as the physical process of data as it enters the brain results in vastly different reaction in people. This difference can be attributed to personality, experience and other factors of the human mind. Cognitive psychology is a fairly new science, though the many branches have laid the foundation of it over the past centuries. The fascination of human behavior has taken many shape and forms and given birth to the many approaches of study. Cognitive psychology has accepted the challenge to not only look at the behavior or what causes it, but also how this determination is made in the human brain. This perspective of psychology can be challenging and as such, the study will continue for many years, as the observation is not visible to the human eye. With the help of modern technology, the process of translating immeasurable data happening inside the human brain to evidential data in explaining the functions of thinking, reasoning, memory and retention has become vast and continues to inspire further interest in the exploration of the complex human mind. Boeree, George. (2006). Albert bandura. Retrieved from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/bandura. html Boeree, George. (2006). Jean piaget. Retrieved from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html Bjork, Daniel. (2010). B. f. kinner (1904 – 1990) behavioral analysis, social service, educational reform. Retrieved from http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/2421/Skinner-B-F-1904-1990. html Huitt, W. , & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www. edpsycinteractive. org/topics/cogsys/piaget. html Miller, George. (1956). The Magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Retrieved from http://www. musanim. com/miller1956/ Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short† (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own discipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychology, which is only roughly 50 years old.Cognitive psychology expands upon other fields of psychology to further reveal why human beings act in the way they do. This paper will define cognitive psychology, explore key milestones in its development, and discuss the importance of observation as it relates to cognitive psychology. While human behavior has been observed since the beginnings of psychology, the different fields focused only on observable behaviors. In contrast to that, cogni tive psychology is a perspective that looks at the mental processes involved with human intelligence and behavior.These processes include thinking, speaking, perceiving, memory, and problem-solving (Willingham, 2007). This field of psychology researches the unobservable nature of these processes, and uses abstract constructs to better understand these processes (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology has evolved from other fields of psychology, one of which is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a very popular field of study during the early part of the 20th century.Many well-known psychologists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner made their mark during this behaviorist revolution. The behaviorist movement was firmly rooted in the scientific method and relied heavily on the observable actions. While behaviorism was a useful tool in explaining behaviors based on instinct and drives, it had several large hold-ups in being useful for humans. First, most of the experiments were done using non-hu man animals such as Pavlov’s dogs, which had no real usefulness in explaining the aspects of human intelligence.The second, and most destructive shortcoming for behaviorism, was that it did not observe, nor could it explain, human language, or intrinsic drives (Willingham, 2007). From these short comings, it became evident that parts of the human psyche had to be studied, which is where cognitive psychology began to form. However, this shortcoming has not been the only development to help cognitive psychology become what it is. The metaphor comparing the human mind to a computer was a big leap for cognitive psychology.It allowed new abstract ideas to formulate on how the human brain works like an information processing center (Willingham, 2007). The basic break down of this is sensory input gives way to processing, and from processing a behavior is chosen and performed. This behavior could be internal or external dependant on what the input necessitates. For instance the comp uter currently being used to write this paper is receiving input from the keyboard. This information is translated as a bunch of zeroes and ones, which are then output to the monitor in the form of the letters being typed on the keyboard.Combine this metaphorical approach with the onset of technology, specifically neuroscience, and cognitive psychology continues to evolve. Neuroscience has tremendously helped cognitive psychology evolve. With the development of brain studying equipment such EEGs, CT scans, and MRIs cognitive psychologists, and scientists, are better able to understand how the brain is used in receiving input. A patient can be hooked up to one of these machines and be asked to perform a task, either physical or mental, and the brain patterns can be observed.While the direct process of the interaction between brain cells cannot be directly observed, the patterns can be. These observations can be used to determine if the inferences made by the observing cognitive speci alist are accurate (Willingham, 2007). Observing how the brain reacts during these experiments can show links between the structure of the brain and the associated functions performed (Willingham, 2007). Even with technology playing a key role in cognitive psychology, behavioral observation does still play a key in cognitive psychology.Behavioral observation is still vital in cognitive psychology. This is because it has shown that two different people may develop different ways to solve similar problems. Through these observations it has been suggested that how people solve problems helps to develop new cognitive skills. Also, without observation, the only tests that can be run are thinking tests, which entails a large amount of logic being applied to the results (Willingham, 2007). Observing how different people handle different situations allows for generalization to not become a problem.The continued technology movement has fueled the cognitive psychology movement. Combing experi ments with a machine that can view the brain functions while the behavior is also being observed has produced many new theories. This cognitive movement has been founded on the failures of the past, and is growing with the technology of the future. References Goodwin, J. C. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Willingham, D. T. (2007). CognitionL The thinking animal (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short† (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own discipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychology, which is only roughly 50 years old.Cognitive psychology expands upon other fields of psychology to further reveal why human beings act in the way they do. This paper will define cognitive psychology, explore key milestones in its development, and discuss the importance of observation as it relates to cognitive psychology. While human behavior has been observed since the beginnings of psychology, the different fields focused only on observable behaviors. In contrast to that, cogni tive psychology is a perspective that looks at the mental processes involved with human intelligence and behavior.These processes include thinking, speaking, perceiving, memory, and problem-solving (Willingham, 2007). This field of psychology researches the unobservable nature of these processes, and uses abstract constructs to better understand these processes (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology has evolved from other fields of psychology, one of which is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a very popular field of study during the early part of the 20th century.Many well-known psychologists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner made their mark during this behaviorist revolution. The behaviorist movement was firmly rooted in the scientific method and relied heavily on the observable actions. While behaviorism was a useful tool in explaining behaviors based on instinct and drives, it had several large hold-ups in being useful for humans. First, most of the experiments were done using non-hu man animals such as Pavlov’s dogs, which had no real usefulness in explaining the aspects of human intelligence.The second, and most destructive shortcoming for behaviorism, was that it did not observe, nor could it explain, human language, or intrinsic drives (Willingham, 2007). From these short comings, it became evident that parts of the human psyche had to be studied, which is where cognitive psychology began to form. However, this shortcoming has not been the only development to help cognitive psychology become what it is. The metaphor comparing the human mind to a computer was a big leap for cognitive psychology.It allowed new abstract ideas to formulate on how the human brain works like an information processing center (Willingham, 2007). The basic break down of this is sensory input gives way to processing, and from processing a behavior is chosen and performed. This behavior could be internal or external dependant on what the input necessitates. For instance the comp uter currently being used to write this paper is receiving input from the keyboard. This information is translated as a bunch of zeroes and ones, which are then output to the monitor in the form of the letters being typed on the keyboard.Combine this metaphorical approach with the onset of technology, specifically neuroscience, and cognitive psychology continues to evolve. Neuroscience has tremendously helped cognitive psychology evolve. With the development of brain studying equipment such EEGs, CT scans, and MRIs cognitive psychologists, and scientists, are better able to understand how the brain is used in receiving input. A patient can be hooked up to one of these machines and be asked to perform a task, either physical or mental, and the brain patterns can be observed.While the direct process of the interaction between brain cells cannot be directly observed, the patterns can be. These observations can be used to determine if the inferences made by the observing cognitive speci alist are accurate (Willingham, 2007). Observing how the brain reacts during these experiments can show links between the structure of the brain and the associated functions performed (Willingham, 2007). Even with technology playing a key role in cognitive psychology, behavioral observation does still play a key in cognitive psychology.Behavioral observation is still vital in cognitive psychology. This is because it has shown that two different people may develop different ways to solve similar problems. Through these observations it has been suggested that how people solve problems helps to develop new cognitive skills. Also, without observation, the only tests that can be run are thinking tests, which entails a large amount of logic being applied to the results (Willingham, 2007). Observing how different people handle different situations allows for generalization to not become a problem.The continued technology movement has fueled the cognitive psychology movement. Combing experi ments with a machine that can view the brain functions while the behavior is also being observed has produced many new theories. This cognitive movement has been founded on the failures of the past, and is growing with the technology of the future. References Goodwin, J. C. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Willingham, D. T. (2007). CognitionL The thinking animal (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.